Pigmentation occurs either as a result of UV exposure (sun, sunbed) or as a result of inflammation (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation). Treatments such as laser, radiofrequency, infrared, ultrasound, plasma skin resurfacing, radiofrequency microneedling, HIFU etc can only cause hyperpigmentation as a result of inflammation. When a treatment, such as the above, is delivered at extreme intensity, either by mistake or by design, the epidermis is burned, damaged or irritated, leading to inflammation, which quite often results in post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation…